
In 8 AD, the poet Ovid (a.k.a. PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO) was banished to Tomis (now known as Constanta), on the Black Sea, by the the Emperor Augustus. No Senate or Roman judges played a role in this decision, which leaves a little historical mystery in its wake. Why was Ovid exiled? What did he do that so offended the Roman emperor that he resorted to a personal decision to banish him?
Ovid wrote that the reason for his exile was carmen et error — "a poem and a mistake", claiming that his crime was worse than murder and more harmful than poetry. Interestingly enough, the Emperor's grandchildren, Agrippa Postumus and Julia the Younger, were banished around the same time. Julia's husband, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, was put to death for conspiracy against Augustus, a conspiracy about which Ovid might have known.
Did Ovid write something which offended the Emperor's moral sensibilities? Or perhaps his legislative preferences? In 18 BC, Augustus moved the Julian Marriage Laws through the Senate. These laws promoted monogamous marriage in the hopes of increasing the population's birth rate. Every empire needs its potential human carnage. Did Ovid's writing in the Ars Amatoria concerning what was then the serious crime of adultery appear subversive to the Emperor?
In exile, Ovid wrote two poetry collections titled Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, reflecting his sadness and despair. The five books of the Tristia, a series of poems expressing the poet's despair in exile and advocating his return to Rome, are dated to 9–12 AD. In the Tristia, Ovid makes a direct appeal to the Emperor but foolishly suggests that the Emperor made a mistake in exiling him- not a tactic likely to go over well with Augustus.
The Ibis, an elegiac curse poem attacking an adversary at home might also have been written during this period. The Epistulae ex Ponto, a series of letters to friends in Rome asking them to effect his return, are thought to be his last compositions, with the first three books published in 13 AD and the fourth book between 14 and 16 AD. The exile poetry is particularly emotive and personal. In the Epistulae he claims friendship with the natives of Tomis (in the Tristia they are frightening barbarians) and to have written a poem in their language. He addresses his epistles to a multitude of friends, poets, orators, politicians, and statesmen.
It seems that Ovid misses Rome and his third wife, as many of the early poems are to her. (One scholar has observed that Ovid writes less to his wife in direct proportion to his time in Tomis- maybe he realizes that she cannot bring him back and so his feelings for her grow rather chilly.)
The mysterious causes of Ovid's exile remain unexplained. Ovid died at Tomis in AD 17. It is thought that the Fasti, which he spent time revising, were published posthumously. He was allegedly buried a few kilometers away in a nearby town- a town which was renamed Ovidiu in his honor in 1930. Ovidiu is a common male first name in Romania. A statue commemorates him in the Romanian city of Tomis. The inscription on the statues is excerpted from the Tristia and reads:
Here I lie, who played with tender loves,
Naso the poet, killed by my own talent.
O passerby, if you've ever been in love,
let it not be too much for you
to say: May the bones of Naso lie gently.
To explore some excerpts from Fasti and discuss what his poems revealed, you can download the free document below. You can also explore his biography here.
OVID'S EXILE THROUGH POETRY: A LOOK AT THE TEXTS
You can access a translation of Ovid's entire poems from exile, including the works mentioned above, or you can browse his book, The Metamorphoses, in images and bookplates.